Lószállítás, ló kiképzés,
Lovas oktatás, hirdetések
Takarmányok (széna, zab, szalma,
lótápok)
hirdetési rendszere
Heart rate (pdf)
|
 |
 |
|
|
Polar Horse Trainer Basic
Polar Beat
ECG accurate
Wireless transmission
Continuous heart rate display
Water resistant
HeartTouch - Instant activation feature
$149.95
 
Polar HorseTrainer Pacer®
Polar Pacer®
ECG accurate
Wireless transmission
High and low target zone limits
Last exercise file recall
Watch, alarm and stopwatch functions
Backlight
Water resistant
Heart Touch - Instant activation feature
$199.95
 
Polar HorseTrainer Advanced™
Polar Accurex Plus™
ECG accurate
Wireless transmission
Multiple lap/split times stored with average
heart rate per lap/split
Records maximum & average heart rate
Three programmable interval timers
CODED heart rate transmission
Up to 66 hours of recorded performance information
Water resistant
HeartTouch - Instant activation feature
$349.95
Polar HorseXTrainer Plus™
Polar XTrainer Plus™
ECG accurate
Wireless transmission
Multiple lap/split times stored with average
heart rate per lap/split
Records maximum & average heart rate
Three programmable interval timers
CODED heart rate transmission
Up to 66 hours of recorded performance information
Total ride time along with current, average
& maximum speed
Water resistant
HeartTouch - Instant activation feature
$399.95
optional
Polar Interface Plus & Software
A Patented PC Interface Plus, which allows
you to transfer, stored heart rate information
from the wrist receiver (purchased seperately)
to a PC, for filing and further analysis.
Use with the Polar HorseTrainer Advanced
Line Heart Rate Monitors.
Easy-to-use interface that transfers data
from the receiver to the PC.
Includes the HorseTrainer software.
Polar HorseTrainer™ Software
Once you have transferred heart rate data
via the Polar Interface to your PC with one
of the Polar HorseTrainer Advanced line monitors
you'll want to make more of that valuable
data.
The Polar HorseTrainer application is designed
for both individual and stable use and supports
a multiple set of analysis tools.
The DIARY enables you to compare each exercise
session separately, as well as, for example
the accumulative loading during competition
(place and time/km) over a full training
year.
$259
The Accuracy of Traditional Manual Methods
of taking Equine Heart Rates, when compared
with Electronic Methods, using a Polar Heart
Rate Monitor
Tania Churchill and Ben Wisbey
Contents
Section
|
pg.
|
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
|
4
|
|
1.0 ABSTRACT
|
5
|
|
2.0 INTRODUCTION
|
6
|
|
3.0 METHOD
|
8
|
|
3.1 Subjects
|
8
|
|
3.2 Materials
|
9
|
|
3.3 Data collection
|
9
|
3.4 Data Analysis
|
11
|
|
4.0 RESULTS
|
12
|
|
5.0 DISCUSSION
|
16
|
|
6.0 CONCLUSION
|
19
|
|
7.0 REFERENCE LIST
|
20
|
|
8.0 APPENDICES
|
21
|
|
8.1 Raw data
|
21
|
|
8.2 1F dressage test
|
23
|
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Tania Churchill would like to acknowledge
and thank the following for their valuable
assistance in the development of this report:
· Ben Wisbey (ACTAS Sports Scientist)
· Mike Nunan (Manager of Performance Matters)
1. Abstract
Five dressage trained horses each conducted
two trials, each trial consisted of a warm
up, then the preliminary 1F dressage test
was ridden. This test takes approximately
six minutes to complete. Heart rates were
taken at two minutes, four minutes, and six
minutes intervals during the test. Recovery
heart rates were taken at two minutes, four
minutes, six minutes and ten minutes intervals
after the completion of the test. Two different
manual methods of taking heart rates- counting
the beats with a stethoscope for 10 (BPM10) and 30 seconds (BPM30)- were
compared to an electronic method using a
Polar heart rate monitor (POLAR). The manual
raw data was multiplied by the appropriate
number to convert it into beats per minute
(bpm). The electronic and manual data were
entered into a spreadsheet, and analysed
statistically using SPSS statistical package.
The mean value for data recorded for BPM10
was 49.8. For BPM30 the mean is 46.25. The
mean for POLAR is 63.6. The difference between
the following pairs; BPM10 and BMP30; BPM10
and POLAR; and BMP30 and POLAR, were all
shown to be statistically significant, using
a paired samples t test (a =0.05). The results show that the higher
the heart rate measured by POLAR, the more
inaccurate the manual methods become. BPM10
and BPM30 are reasonably accurate to values
of 40bpm; at values over 60bpm they become
increasingly inaccurate. BPM10 is slightly
more accurate the BPM30, particularly in
values over 40bpm.
2.0 Introduction
Heart rate is a major variable that is frequently
determined when evaluating athletic horses
during exercise and recovery (Evans, 2000).
Therefore, establishing a reliable means
of measurement of heart rate is of great
importance.
Heart rate is the number of times the heart
beats per minute. There is a close relationship
between oxygen uptake and heart rate, allowing
the use of heart rate to assess the demand
the exercise is placing on the horse. Heart
rate increases proportionally to work (Evans,
1985). Heart rate monitoring is one of the
most reliable and widely used methods on
non-invasively evaluating the physiological
demands experienced by a horse during a training
session (McKeever 1989).
Monitoring of heart rates is a common practice
in most aspects of the equine sports industry.
Until recently, a horse’s heart rate could
only be measured manually, usually with the
use of a stethoscope and a watch. Modern
technology has led to the development of
several electronic heart rate monitoring
devices that measures the time between electronic
pulses of the beating heart. The Polar heart
rate monitor, which is used in this research,
uses two electrodes for measurement, one
placed on the left side of the withers, and
the other at the girth on the left side of
the horse. This allows an instantaneous measurement
of heart rate to be displayed to a heart
rate receiver attached to the rider’s wrist
(Craig and Nunan 1998).
It is proposed that all forms of manual heart
rate assessment are inaccurate, leading to
false analysis and conclusions during training.
If modern scientific training principles
are to be applied in day to day training,
an accurate method of assessing heart rate
needs to be established.
The heart monitor used to assess actual heart
rate was a Polar Horse-Trainer transmitter
with a Polar Accurex Plus receiver. This
transmitter was shown to have a significant
correlation (p<0.001) with the telemetric
ECG determination of heart rate (Holopherne,
et. al. 2000) when used on horses at varying
heart rates.
This research was conducted to meet an absence
of available data on the accuracy of manual
heart rate evaluation methods. As it is believed
that the majority of heart rate measurements
in the equine industry are still done by
the use of a number of manual methods, it
is important that the accuracy of this method
be assessed. This has practical implications
in the industry. Are heart rates worth monitoring
if only manual methods are available?
Two common methods for obtaining manual heart
rates involve counting the number of beats
heard with a stethoscope for a timed period
of ten, or thirty seconds. The resulting
value is then multiplied by the appropriate
number to express the value in beats per
minute (bpm).
Heart rates can drop considerably in 30 seconds
once exercise has ceased (Ackland 1998). It is therefore proposed, that by counting
the heart beats for thirty seconds, an average
will be obtained, as during those thirty
seconds, the heart rate can drop considerably.
This would also be true, to a lesser extent,
when counting the beats for ten seconds.
As it is important to gain a picture of the
horses heart rate whilst it is working at
a particular intensity, it can be seen that
taking a manual heart rate over ten or thirty
seconds is likely to be less useful than
the instantaneous result that the electronic
heart rate monitor can provide.
Although the racing industry uses heart rates
extensively as a training tool, up till now
the use of such technology in the sport of
dressage has been very limited. Dressage
is a very popular equestrian sport, and Australia
is gradually becoming more competitive as
a nation. It is believed that scientific
training principles will become increasingly
prevalent in the dressage industry over the
next few years. To facilitate this, studies
need to be done focusing on the area of dressage. For this reason, the study examined the accuracy
of manual heart rate methods during the course
of a dressage test. Due to the type of work
involved in a dressage test, all heart rates
were below 125bpm.
3. Method
The hypothesis was tested using a repeated
measures test: one group design.
3.1 Subjects:
5 horses were used, three geldings and two
mares. Ages ranged from 8-16. All horses
were trained for dressage.
3.2 Materials:
Polar Heart Rate Transmitter
Polar Accurex Plus Receiver, with tape over
the first digit of the heart rate
Polar Advantage Interface System 2.01
Stethoscope
Watch
Pen and paper to record results
Preliminary 1F dressage test
3.3 Data collection:
1. Each subject underwent a normal warm-up before
the trial commences.
2. Each trial consisted of two phases- the dressage
test and the warm-down.
3. The dressage test performed was the Preliminary
1F test
4. Warm-down consisted of a walk on a loose
rein
5. Heart rates were taken at the following intervals
during the dressage test:
n 2 minutes
n 4 minutes
n 6 minutes
6. During the warm-down, heart rates were taken
at the following intervals:
n 2 minutes
n 4 minutes
n 6 minutes
n 8 minutes
n 10 minutes
The rider wore a watch set to alarm to signal
each two-minute interval
7. The following heart rate variables were
recorded:
·
Manual for 10 secs (BPM10)
·
Manual for 30 secs (BPM30)
·
Electronic, using the Polar Horse-Trainer
Heart Rate Monitor (POLAR)
8. To take each heart rate the procedure
was as follows:
n rider dismounted
n rider pressed the button on the heart rate
watch (receiver) to record the electronic
heart rate
n the watch was taped over the first digit
of the heart rate readout, so the rider was
not aware of the digital heart rate recorded
n rider found the horses heart beat, using
the stethoscope positioned on the left ride
of the girth
n rider counted the heart beats for 10 seconds
(timed on watch) and recorded result with
pen and paper. Rider continued to count until
beats were counted for a total of 30 seconds.
9. After heart rates were recorded, rider
remounted and continued from where the test
ceased.
3.4 Data Analysis
The Polar heart rate receiver was downloaded
by way of the Polar Advantage Interface System
onto Polar Precision Performance software
2.1 to enable heart rate analysis. The heart
rate at the set time periods was recorded
into Microsoft Excel.
The raw data from the 10 and 30 second measurements
were also entered into an Excel spreadsheet
after the conclusion of each trial. Once
all the raw data was collected, heart rates
were converted to beats per minute before
being transferred to the SPSS statistical
package (Student Version). Using SPSS, descriptive
statistics for each variable were calculated;
mean, range and standard deviation.
Three two-tailed t tests were conducted, for non-independent
or paired samples. The confidence level chosen
was 95%, or a =0.05. Degrees of freedom were 74 for the
first two tests, and 79 for the third.
The t tests determined whether the differences
between the means of each method of heart
rate measurement were statistically significant.
The first t test compared the means of the 30-second
manual method (BPM30) with the Polar electronic
method (POLAR). The second test compared
the 10-second manual method (BPM10) with
the baseline- the Polar electronic measurement
(POLAR). The third test compared the two
manual methods (BPM10 and BPM30). A comparison
of each pair of variables was graphed, using
SPSS software. Scattergrams were created
to display the information graphically and
allow for a visual interpretation through
a range of values.
4. Results
The mean for each variable is shown is table
1. The means for BPM10 and BPM30 are relatively
similar, while the differences between the
means of BPM10 and BPM30 to that of POLAR
are much greater. The standard deviation
for POLAR is higher than BPM10 by 10.66,
and higher than BPM30 by 12.02.
Table 1. Descriptive statistics of the three
variables
The paired samples t test results are shown in Table 2. The results
show that for the given confidence level
(a =0.05), the difference between the means
for BPM30 and POLAR are statistically significant.
The mean for POLAR is significantly higher
than the mean of BPM30.
The difference in the means for BMP10 and
POLAR are also statistically significant;
again, the mean for POLAR is significantly
higher than the mean for the manual measurement,
in this case BPM10 (see table 2).
For a 95% confidence level, the difference
between the means of the two manual methods;
BPM10 and BPM30 are statistically significant.
The mean for BPM10 is significantly higher
than the mean for BPM30 (see table 2).
Table 2. Paired Sample T-test Results
The scattergram graph of the results (see
figure 1) shows that the higher the heart
rate recorded by the Polar heart rate monitor
(POLAR), the more inaccurate the manual method
(BPM30) becomes. At a heart rate of 40bpm,
the manual method is reasonably accurate.
However, at 60bpm and over, BPM30 becomes
increasingly lower than the POLAR value.
Figure 1. Scattergram: Polar vs. 30-second
measurement
The graph comparing POLAR with BPM10 shows
a similar trend, if less exaggerated, to
that of figure 1. It can be seen that BPM10
is reasonably accurate at heart rates of
40 as measured by the Polar heart rate monitor.
At 60BPM and above, BPM10 becomes increasingly
inaccurate.
Figure 2. Scattergram: Polar vs. 10-second
measurement
Figure 3 allows a comparison of the accuracy
of BMP10 and BPM30 to be made, against the
baseline of POLAR. It can be seen that BPM10
is more accurate than BPM30 for POLAR heart
rates of over 40bpm. The difference between
BPM10 and BPM30 becomes more pronounced in
the higher heart rate ranges of 100 to 120
bpm.
Figure 3. Scattergram: Polar vs. 10-second
and 30-second measurement
5. Discussion
The results show that there is a statistically
significant difference between the heart
rates obtained by manual methods, when compared
to heart rates obtained by the use of an
electronic heart rate monitor. Both manual
methods resulted in means that were significantly
lower than those obtained using the Polar
heart rate monitor.
The manual methods became increasingly inaccurate
at higher heart rates. This is consistent
with the literature which states that heart
rates can drop considerably in 30 seconds
once exercise has ceased. Heart rates may
in fact be less than half their initial value
(Ackland 1998). Similarly, Krzywanek et al.
(1970) demonstrated the rapid speed with
which equine heart rate varies by finding
that heart rates reached maximal levels from
rest in an average of 22 seconds in race
horses.
Thus, by counting the heart beats for thirty
seconds, an average for this period will
be obtained, as during those thirty seconds,
the heart rate can drop considerably. This
is also true, to a lesser extent, when counting
the beats for ten seconds. The results reflect
this, showing that BPM30 is more inaccurate
that BPM10, particularly in the higher heart
rate ranges of 100-120bpm. It can be expected
that heart rate will decrease with greater
rapidity from ranges such as 100-120bpm,
as compared to ranges of 40-60bpm. The results
lend support to this supposition.
The manual method of obtaining heart rates
usually requires the rider to dismount to
take the reading. This was the process that
was used in this study. Observations suggest
that heart rate drops significantly once
the rider dismounts, even if the horse was
only walking when the rider dismounted. In
an attempt to minimise the bias this creates,
the POLAR recording was taken immediately
after the rider dismounted, immediately followed
by the manual recordings. However, it is
likely that the heart rate continued to drop
during the manual readings. A study that
obtained manual measurements while mounted
would therefore be very interesting. This
could be achieved by having a helper to take
the manual heart rate while the rider remained
mounted.
The study design included adequate warm-up
time for all subjects before commencement
of the trial. A sufficient warm-up results
in an increase in heart rate and oxygen transport
to working muscles. If exercise is not preceded
by a warm-up, heart rate will only increase
slowly to reach its maximum value after 2-4
minutes during maximal exercise (Evans and
Rose, 1988 quoted in Evans, 2000).
This study looked at heart rate values with
a range of 25-125bpm (POLAR). It can be expected
that for heart rate values in excess of 125
bpm (heart rates in excess of this level
would be found in most medium intensity workouts,
for most equine sports with the possible
exception of dressage) the accuracy of manual
methods when compared with electronic methods
would be further decreased. This is due to
an expected larger decrease in heart rate
during the 10/30 second monitoring period.
Further studies into this area would be of
benefit.
During the trials, a number of problems associated
with both the manual and electronic methods
of determining heart rate became apparent.
Problems associated with the manual method
include the following:
· the need to dismount to take each reading.
This reduced the practicality of this method
· at lower heart rates it is sometimes difficult
to hear the heart beat, particularly in windy
condition
· measurements sometimes need to be re-started
if the horse moves, interfering with the
ability to hear the heart rate
· Using the BPM10 method , an error of one
beat in recording translates to an error
of 6bpm. Only multiples of 6 are able to
be calculated
· Using the BPM30 method, an error of one beat
in recording translates to an error of 2bpm
Problems associated with the electronic method
of obtaining heart rate include the following:
· some measurements are not recorded due to
drop out or interference
· it is sometimes difficult to gain a reading,
necessitating manipulation of the position
of the electrodes. This problem mainly occurs
in cold weather, when the horse is not sweating,
creating difficulties in maintaining conduction
with the electrode
6. Conclusion
The main advantage of manual methods of obtaining
heart rates will always be the accessibility
of this method to the largest number of people,
due to its inexpensive nature, and ease of
use in terms of the limited knowledge required.
The results of this study indicate however,
that it is not a suitable method for serious
competitors wishing to maximise performance.
7. Reference List
1. Ackland, J., 1998, Precision training, Reed Books, Auckland.
2. Craig, N. and Nunan, M. 1998, Heart Rate Training for Horses, Eureka Quality Printers, South Australia.
3. Evans, D., 2000, Training and fitness in athletic horses,
Rural Industries Research and Development
Corporation, ACT.
4. Evans, D., 1985, ‘Cardiovascular adaptations
to exercise and training’, Veterinary Clinic North American Equine Practitioner,
vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 513-531.
5. Holopherne, D., Hodgson, D., Rose, R.,
Courouce, A., 2000, ‘Investigation of the
accuracy of a new heart rate meter for use
in exercising horses’, Online, Available
URL: www.pursuit-performance.com.au
6. James, A., 1998, The simple way to learn dressage tests, Equipix, Bowral.
7. Krzywanek, H., Wittke, G., Bayer, A.,
Borman, P/. 1970, ‘The heart rates of thoroughbred
horses during a race’, Equine Veterinary Journal, vol. 2, pp. 115-117.
8. McKeever, K., 1989, ‘Using your equine
heart rate meter’, Dressage and CT, April 1989, pp. 31-34.
8.0 APPENDICES
8.1 Raw Data
Bpm for 10sec Sample Bpm for 30sec Sample Bpm for Polar HRM
66
58
61
72
60
125
60
52
68
42
46
56
42
44
54
36
42
48
36
42
45
42
46
31
54
54
82
66
60
79
60
54
74
48
40
50
48
48
35
42
38
18
48
40
50
42
44
.
54
52
.
66
56
97
48
46
.
48
44
50
48
44
51
42
42
47
48
42
46
42
40
52
48
50
71
54
52
.
54
50
69
48
44
54
48
48
50
42
36
48
42
44
52
42
42
51
30
26
72
36
36
48
42
30
53
36
26
46
36
30
46
36
28
49
42
34
46
42
36
25
42
48
75
60
60
122
60
50
83
54
54
77
54
52
74
60
54
70
48
48
68
54
52
66
66
48
95
66
52
121
54
44
79
48
52
71
54
52
64
48
52
63
54
50
64
54
50
66
54
52
71
60
50
94
48
48
64
48
46
60
48
46
61
48
44
53
42
42
51
42
42
49
60
48
88
60
50
95
60
52
77
54
50
59
54
50
54
48
46
52
48
46
47
48
44
53
54
42
77
66
56
90
48
52
64
54
50
57
42
44
55
48
46
54
48
44
54
Mean 50
46
63
8.2 1F dressage test
Preliminary 1F
Average Time: 6 mins
|
|
TEST
|
|
1
A
X
|
Enter working trot
Halt- Immobility- Salute
Proceed at working trot
|
|
2
C
B
E
|
Track right
Turn right
Turn left
|
|
3
AC
|
Serpentine 3 loops each loop a half 20m circle
|
|
4
C
HXF
|
Working trot
Change rein
|
|
5
A
KR
R
|
Medium walk
Change rein in free walk on a long rein
Medium walk
|
|
6
M
between C&H
|
Working trot
Working canter left lead
|
|
7
S
SR
|
Circle left 20m
Half circle 20m diameter and straight on
|
|
8
C
HXF
|
Working trot
Change rein showing a few lengthened strides
|
|
9
F
between A&K
|
Working trot
Working Canter right lead
|
|
10
V
VP
|
Circle right 20m
Half circle 20m diameter and straight on
|
|
11
A
KXM
M
|
Working trot
Change rein showing some lengthened strides
Working trot
|
|
12
CHE
EX
X
G
|
Working trot
Half circle left 10m
Down centre line
Halt- Immobility- Salute
|
(Test taken from James, 1998)
Vetőmagok ismertetése |
|
| 1.7. Bíborhere, Trifolium incarnatum, Cow-grass |
|
| 1.8. Felemáslevelű csenkesz, Festuca arundinacea,
Fescue-grass |
|
| 1.9.·Réti komócsin, Phleum pratense, Cat's-tail |
|
| 1.10.1. Réti perje, Poa pratensis, Blue-grass |
|
| 1.10.2. Keskenylevelű réti perje, (Poa angustifolia) |
|
| 1.11. Réticsenkesz, Festuca pratensis, Meadow-fescue |
|
| 1.12. Szudánifű, Sorghum sudanese, Sudan-grass |
|
| 1.13. Vöröscsenkesz, Festuca rubra, Fescue-grass |
|
| 1.14. Vöröshere, Trifolium pratense, big English
clover |
|
| 1.15. Francia perje, Arrhenatherum elatius, Onion-couch |
|
| 1.16. Magyar rozsnok, Bromus inermis, Hungarian brome-grass |
|
| 1.17. Sudár rozsnok, Bromus erectus, brome-grass |
|
| 1.18. Óriás tippan, Agrostis gigantea, agrostis |
|
| 1.19. Tarackos tippan, Agrostis stolonifera, agrostis |
|
| 1.20. Szarvaskerep, Lotus corniculatus , bird's-foot trefoil |
|
| 1.21. Taréjos cincor, Cynosurus cristatus , dog's-tail grass |
|
| 1.22. Zöld pántlikafű, Phalaris arundinacea , canary-grass |
|
| 1.23. Taréjos búzafű, (Agropyron pectinatum / cristatum) |
|
| Legelő keverék (egy célszerű változat , amely megvásárolható)
|
|
|
|
| 1.1. Angolperje, Lolium perenne, Rye-grass |
35% |
| 1.2. Csomós ebír, Dactylis glomerata, Cocksfoot |
7% |
| 1.3. Fehérhere, Trifolium repens, Trifolium |
5% |
| 1.4. Lucerna, Medicago sativa, Alfalfa |
8% |
| 1.5. Nádképű csenkesz, Festuca arundiancea, Fescue |
10% |
| 1.6. Olaszperje, Lolium multiflorum, Rye-grass |
35% |
| összesen |
100% |
|
|
Lovasbolt
Tudomány
|
